Intern in Earth Observation Department, Analysis of

4 weken geleden

Noordwijk, Nederland European Space Agency Voltijd

**EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY**

Intern in Earth Observation Department, Analysis of Scalloping Effects in Synthetic Aperture Radar

**Job Requisition ID**:18991**Closing Date**:30 November 2024 23:59 CET/CEST**Publication**:External Only**Type of Contract**:Intern**Date Posted**:1 November 2024
- Internship Opportunity in the Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes.**Location**
Noordwijk

**Our team and mission**

**This position is based at the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) - Noordwijk, Netherlands**
The Sentinel-1 Project is responsible for the development of the Sentinel-1 Next Generation (NG) mission concept, the spacecraft and the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) payloads. In addition, the Sentinel-1 team has responsibility for the satellite launch and in-orbit commissioning, i.e. end-to-end system performance and calibration. This also involves the development of prototype SAR and SAR interferometry (InSAR) data processors and the Calibration and Performance Analysis Facility (CPAF).

Sentinel-1NG is the successor of the Earth Observation Copernicus Sentinel-1 SAR mission. Copernicus is the most ambitious Earth observation program to date. It is a cornerstone of Europe’s efforts to monitor the planet and its many ecosystems. Sentinel-1 enables an instantaneous mapping of wide-area surface deformation, caused, e.g., by tectonic processes or ground subsidence, as well as the monitoring of ice sheet and glacier dynamics.

This improvement of the Sentinel-1NG imaging capabilities (i.e. a better spatial resolution, a shorter revisit time, a longer orbital SAR duty cycle, a better radar sensitivity and a shorter repeat-pass orbit interval for SAR interferometry) over the performance currently achievable with Sentinel-1 is possible by employing a new multi-channel SAR architecture that enables novel techniques, such as SCORE (Scan On Receive) and MAPS (Multiple Azimuth Phases), combined with a ScanSAR mode. Another advantage of systems with multiple channels in azimuth is the inherent Along Track Interferometry (ATI) capability, which can be used for accurate velocity estimation of ocean surface currents and vessels.

A challenge when operating a SAR in a ScanSAR mode is that each target is observed by a different portion of the azimuth antenna pattern. This effect along with an antenna beam mispointing causes a periodic modulation of the image radiometry and a variation of the noise floor in azimuth direction. It is mostly visible in SAR images containing homogeneous targets (e.g. Rainforest) and/or areas of low backscatter (e.g. calm ocean).

Having a perfect pointing and/or Doppler estimation accuracy would minimize the _radiometric Scalloping_.
Another mitigation strategy is the use of multiple-azimuth looks (look balancing), which was implemented for ScanSAR missions, such as ENVISAT/ASAR, RADARSAT-2, RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM), and ALOS-2/4.


**Field(s) of activity for the internship**

**Topic of the internship: Analysis of Scalloping Effects in Synthetic Aperture Radar**
You will carry out the following activities:

- You will familiarize yourself with the principle of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing and learn about future concepts for multichannel SAR systems, such as foreseen for the ESA mission Sentinel-1 Next Generation;
- You will familiarize yourself with scalloping effects in SAR data and known mitigation techniques;
- You will learn how to analyse Envisat and Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM) data by implementing Python tools;
- Using the Envisat and RCM data, you will gain a better understanding of scalloping, as well as its correction and residual impact on the SAR image;
- The work can then be extended to predict the impact of residual scalloping on Sentinel-1 Next Generation and recommend potential mitigation strategies.

**Behavioural competencies**
Result Orientation
Operational Efficiency
Fostering Cooperation
Relationship Management
Continuous Improvement
Forward Thinking
For more information, please refer to ESA Core Behavioural Competencies guidebook

**Education**
You must be a university student, preferably in your final or second-to-last year of a university course at Master’s level and you need to remain enrolled at your University for the entire duration of the internship.

**Additional requirements**
The working languages of the Agency are English and French. A good knowledge of one of these is required. Knowledge of another Member State language would be an asset.
Specific competence in one of the following disciplines shall be considered an asset:

- Knowledge of signal processing, geophysics, electromagnetics, remote sensing;
- Familiarity with development of data analysis tools using, e.g., Python or MATLAB.

**Other information**

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